To be brief:
Package management on Ubuntu is (essentially) about apt, snap and flatpak (CLIs)
apt is the major package manager on Ubuntu.
For docs on apt, I’d go here first as it has the nice table up front with the commands that are used these days. A lot of docs (about apt) describe everything in terms of the older syntax (e.g. apt-get) and it is not necessary to know the old syntax.
For snap and flatpak, the man pages are enough to get started.
honorable mention goes to aptitude. It’s a CLI that takes care of some of the problematic issues that one can run into Re: apt. aptitude is well worth the time to learn and (again) the man page is a very good place to start learning about it.
Then there are the gui’s e.g. synaptic and plasma-discover
synaptic is the first GUI I’d show someone because it is an apt wrapper and it helps to tie the apt functions together, and order the steps. It’s not the most intuitive interface in my view, but, it’s not bad.
Most of the docs about synaptic are somewhat dated, but, the synaptic howto is ok.
Some of the Ubuntu flavors do not have synaptic installed by default.
sudo apt install synaptic
and finally, plasma-discover. It tries to wrap apt, snap and flatpak. But, this requires all of the backends to be installed properly and it has tendrils into many parts of the system. If it’s working it’s great, because it has a simple interface that is intuitive, but, I found it can fall apart very quickly mostly due to asynchronous maintenance of the various parts.