A few things that might help:
“Needs Evaluation” usually just means the security team hasn’t triaged it yet, not that Ubuntu is unfixed. A lot of these resolve as Not-affected or already-patched once someone looks at them.
There’s also a decent chance your scanner is false-positiving. Ubuntu backports security patches rather than bumping upstream versions, and most third-party scanners do naive version-string matching against NVD data. So a package like 1.2.3-4ubuntu0.5 will look vulnerable to them even when the patch is already in there. The USN page (when available) is the authoritative source for which version of Ubuntu actually fixes a given CVE.
To check what’s actually in the AMI, no need to download anything — spin up a t3.micro from it, run dpkg-query -W -f='${Package} ${Version}\n', terminate. Pennies. Compare against the USN.
You could also install the open-source grype tool (snap (I maintain)) (upstream) and scan the filesystem. See if it confirms finding you vulnerable to the same CVE. Grype incorporates security data directly from the Ubuntu security feed.
Worth knowing: kubelet-eks, kubectl-eks and ecr-credential-provider ship as snaps in the EKS images (docs), so they auto-refresh on running nodes independent of the AMI serial. If your CVE lives in one of those, you may already be patched without needing a new image.
You can also run grype against those snaps:
grype kubelet-eks
✔ Downloaded snap kubelet-eks@stable (amd64)
✔ Indexed file system dL56CBK3fYbbPOgCC36pSXFC6yiX01JC_2.snap
✔ Cataloged contents ab3bc5ba747eec218f7a245f8ad3a4037dc1060deeff3c00cb6f548352871524
├── ✔ Packages [0 packages]
└── ✔ Executables [1 executables]
✔ Scanned for vulnerabilities [0 vulnerability matches]
├── by severity: 0 critical, 0 high, 0 medium, 0 low, 0 negligible
└── by status: 0 fixed, 0 not-fixed, 0 ignored
No vulnerabilities found
For tracking new builds, the ubuntu-cloud-announce mailing list and the Ubuntu on AWS Announcements page are the channels. EKS images typically rebuild within a couple of weeks of a significant USN landing.
If you’re willing to share the CVE number, the answer’s probably five minutes away rather than guesswork.