Instead of repeating myself, I hope you don’t mind my redirecting you to the UbuntuMATE Community Discourse forum where I have posted details about this issue.
Why not try a current ISO? eg. when I went to compare the kernel details of your pasted details with what I expected, I looked at the 20251228 ISO
I suggest you re-test using a current rather than daily from over a month ago.
Later addition: I used the daily as you mentioned the daily build in your initial text. If you were limiting yourself to officially released snaphots your ISO is still old, as Snapshot 2 for Ubuntu MATE resolute can be found at Ubuntu MATE 26.04 LTS (Resolute Raccoon) having an ISO of 20251209 which is older than the daily I used earlier, but it’s still much newer than your old ISO (but monthly snapshots are older than dailies)
I’ll close this thread as the ISO used is just so old.
@ericmarceau if you test a current ISO and have the same issue, send a PM to moderators or myself and we can re-open this thread… but a lot has changed from your much older ISO.
(To me [personally], any daily [ISO] that’s older than the latest Snapshot is of no value, unless exploring when a regression occurred on later/modern ISOs)